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A notary public (or notary or public notary) is a public officer constituted by law to serve the public in non-contentious matters usually concerned with estates, deeds, powers-of-attorney, and foreign and international business. A notary's main functions are to administer oaths and affirmations, take affidavits and statutory declarations, witness and authenticate the execution of certain classes of documents, take acknowledgements of deeds and other conveyances, protest notes and bills of exchange, provide notice of foreign drafts, prepare marine protests in cases of damage, provide exemplifications and notarial copies, and perform certain other official acts depending on the jurisdiction[1]. Any such act is known as a notarization. The term notary public only refers to common-law notaries and should not be confused with civil-law notaries.

With the exceptions of Louisiana, Puerto Rico, and Quebec, whose private law is based on civil law, a notary public in the rest of the United States and most of Canada has powers that are far more limited than those of civil-law or other common-law notaries, both of whom are qualified lawyers admitted to the bar: such notaries may be referred to as notaries-at-law or notary lawyers. Therefore, at common law, notarial service is distinct from the practice of law, and giving legal advice and preparing legal instruments is forbidden to lay notaries.

Notaries are appointed by a government authority, such as a court or lieutenant governor, or by a regulating body often known as a Society or Faculty of Notaries Public. For a notary-at-law, an appointment is usually for life, but lay notaries are commissioned for a briefer term with the possibility of renewal. Appointments and their number for a given notarial district are highly regulated. Since the majority of American notaries are lay persons, however, commissions are not regulated, which is why there are far more notaries in the United States than in other countries (4.5 million[2] vs. approx. 740 in England and Wales[3]).

For the purposes of authentication, most countries require commercial or personal documents which originate from or are signed in another country to be notarized before they can be used or officially recorded or before they can have any legal effect. To these documents a notary affixes a notarial certificate which attests to the execution of the document, usually by the person who appears before the notary, known as an appearer or constituent. In places where notaries-at-law are the norm, a notary may also draft legal instruments known as notarial acts which have probative value and executory force as would any lawyer's writing. Originals or duplicate originals are then filed and stored in the notary's archives, or protocol.

Notaries in some countries and states are required to undergo special training in the performance of their duties. Many must also first serve as an apprentice before being commissioned or licensed to practice their profession. In many countries, even licensed lawyers, e.g., barristers or solicitors, must follow a prescribed specialized course of study and be mentored for two years before being allowed to practice as a notary. Notaries public in the United States, of which the vast majority are lay people, may not engage in any activities that could be construed as the practice of law unless they are also a qualified attorney.

In civil or bijuridical jurisdictions, such as South Africa, the Office of notary public is a legal profession with educational requirements similar to those for lawyers. Many even have institutes of higher learning who offer degrees in notarial law.

Notaries Public (also called "notaries," "notarial officers," or "public notaries") hold an office which can trace its origins back to ancient Rome, when they were called scribae, tabellius or notarius. Their work would later be transcribed correctly in its entirety by a calligraphus. They are easily the oldest continuing branch of the legal profession worldwide.

The history of Notaries is set out in detail in Chapter 1 of Brooke's Notary (12th edition):

The office of a public notary is a public office. It has a long and distinguished history. The office has its origin in the civil institutions of ancient Rome. Public officials, called scribae, that is to say, scribes, rose in rank from being mere copiers and transcribers to a learned profession prominent in private and public affairs. Some were permanent officials attached to the Senate and courts of law whose duties were to record public proceedings, transcribe state papers, supply magistrates with legal forms, and register the decrees and judgments of magistrates.

In the last century of the Republic, probably in the time of Cicero, a new form of shorthand was invented and certain arbitrary marks and signs, called notae, were substituted for words in common use. A writer who adopted the new method was called a notarius. Originally, a notary was one who took down statements in shorthand and wrote them out in the form of memoranda or minutes. Later, the title notarius was applied almost exclusively to registrars attached to high government officials, including provincial governors and secretaries to the Emperor.

Notwithstanding the collapse of the Western Empire in the 5th century AD, the notary remained a figure of some importance in many parts of continental Europe throughout the Dark Ages. When the civil law experienced its renaissance in mediæval Italy from the 12th century onwards, the notary was established as a central institution of that law, a position which still obtains in countries whose legal systems are derived from the civil law.

The separate development of the common law in England, free from most of the influences of Roman law, meant that notaries were not introduced into England until later in the 13th and 14th centuries. At first, notaries in England were appointed by the Papal Legate. In 1279 the Archbishop of Canterbury was authorized by the Pope to appoint notaries. Not surprisingly, in those early days, many of the notaries were members of the clergy. In the course of time, members of the clergy ceased to take part in secular business and laymen, especially in towns and trading centres, began to assume the official character and functions of a modern notary.

The Reformation produced no material change in the position and functions of notaries in England. However, in 1533 the enactment of "the Act Concerning Peter's Pence and Dispensations" (The Ecclesiastical Licenses Act, 1533) terminated the power of the Pope to appoint notaries and vested that power in the King who then devolved it to the Archbishop of Canterbury who in turn devolved it to the Master of the Faculties.

Traditionally, notaries recorded matters of judicial importance as well as private transactions or events where an officially authenticated record or a document drawn up with professional skill or knowledge was required.

The duties and functions of notaries public are described in Brooke's Notary on page 19 in these terms:

Generally speaking, a notary public [...] may be described as an officer of the law [...] whose public office and duty it is to draw, attest or certify under his official seal deeds and other documents, including wills or other testamentary documents, conveyances of real and personal property and powers of attorney; to authenticate such documents under his signature and official seal in such a manner as to render them acceptable, as proof of the matters attested by him, to the judicial or other public authorities in the country where they are to be used, whether by means of issuing a notarial certificate as to the due execution of such documents or by drawing them in the form of public instruments; to keep a protocol containing originals of all instruments which he makes in the public form and to issue authentic copies of such instruments; to administer oaths and declarations for use in proceedings [...] to note or certify transactions relating to negotiable instruments, and to draw up protests or other formal papers relating to occurrences on the voyages of ships and their navigation as well as the carriage of cargo in ships." [Footnotes omitted.]

A notary, in almost all common law jurisdictions other than most of North America (which, it would be remiss to omit, accounts for most of the population of the world under common law), is a practitioner trained in the drafting and execution of legal documents.[citation needed] Notaries traditionally recorded matters of judicial importance as well as private transactions or events where an officially authenticated record or a document drawn up with professional skill or knowledge was required. The functions of notaries specifically include the preparation of certain types of documents (including international contracts, deeds, wills, and powers of attorney) and certification of their due execution, administering of oaths, witnessing affidavits and statutory declarations, certification of copy documents, noting and protesting of bills of exchange, and the preparation of ships' protests.

A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law; as an attorney, counsel or solicitor; a person licensed to practice law." Law is a theoretical and abstract discipline. Working as a lawyer represents the practical application of legal theory and knowledge to solve real problems or to advance the interests of those who retain (i.e., hire) lawyers for legal services.
The role of the lawyer varies significantly across legal jurisdictions, and therefore can be treated here in only the most general terms. More information is available in country-specific articles.

In practice, legal jurisdictions exercise their sovereign right to determine who is a lawyer; as a result, the meaning of the term "lawyer" may vary from place to place.

* In Australia, the word "lawyer" is used to refer to both barristers and solicitors (whether in private practice or practising as corporate in-house counsel) but not people who do not practice the law.
* In Britain, "lawyer" is used loosely to refer to a broad variety of law-trained persons. It includes practitioners such as barristers, solicitors, and legal executives; and people who are involved with the law but do not practice it on behalf of individual clients, such as judges, law clerks, and legislators.
* In Canada, the word "lawyer" only refers to individuals who have been called to the bar or have qualified as civil law notaries in the province of Quebec. Common law lawyers in Canada may also be known as "barristers and solicitors", but should not be referred to as "attorneys", since that term has a different meaning in Canadian usage. However, in Quebec, civil law advocates (or avocats in French) often call themselves "attorney" and sometimes "barrister and solicitor". Notably, civil law notaries are entitled by provincial statute to style themselves "title attorney".[citation needed]
* In the United States of America, the term generally refers to attorneys who may practice law.
* Other nations tend to have comparable terms for the analogous concept. A lawyer is a person licensed by the state to advise clients in legal matters and represent them in courts of law (and in other forms of dispute resolution). Most countries today require professional law advisors in their judicial systems. Lawyers have many names in different countries—including "advocate", "attorney", "barrister", "counsellor", "civil law notary" and "solicitor"—and many of these names indicate specific classes or ranks of jurists. ... a professional person authorized to practice law; conducts lawsuits or gives legal advice from Latin advoco - invite - provides clients with their interest protection in different instances. He/she assists in protection of human rights and interests, makes legal consultations, represents citizen interests in the court, and stands as a defence attorney during criminal case investigation in the court. . lawyerlawyer - a professional person authorized to practice law; conducts lawsuits or gives legal advice attorney jurisprudence, law - the collection of rules imposed by authority; "civilization presupposes respect for the law"; "the great problem for jurisprudence to allow freedom while enforcing order" counsel, counselor-at-law, pleader, advocate, counsellor, counselor - a lawyer who pleads cases in court ambulance chaser - a lawyer who incites accident victims to sue barrister - a British lawyer who speaks in the higher courts of law conveyancer - a lawyer who specializes in the business of conveying properties defense attorney, defense lawyer - the lawyer representing the defendant divorce lawyer - a lawyer specializing in actions for divorce or annulment professional, professional person - a person engaged in one of the learned professions prosecuting attorney, prosecuting officer, prosecutor, public prosecutor - a government official who conducts criminal prosecutions on behalf of the state public defender - a lawyer who represents indigent defendants at public expense referee - an attorney appointed by a court to investigate and report on a case solicitor - a British lawyer who gives legal advice and prepares legal documents trial attorney, trial lawyer - a lawyer who specializes in defending clients before a court of law Abul-Walid Mohammed ibn-Ahmad Ibn-Mohammed ibn-Roshd, Averroes, ibn-Roshd - Arabian philosopher born in Spain; wrote detailed commentaries on Aristotle that were admired by the Schoolmen (1126-1198) Bryan, The Boy Orator of the Platte, the Great Commoner, William Jennings Bryan - United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925) Clarence Darrow, Clarence Seward Darrow, Darrow - United States lawyer famous for his defense of lost causes (1857-1938) Arthur Garfield Hays, Hays - United States lawyer involved in several famous court trials (1881-1954) Hays, Will Hays, William Harrison Hays - United States lawyer and politician who formulated a production code that prescribed the moral content of United states films from 1930 to 1966 (1879-1954) J. Edgar Hoover, John Edgar Hoover, Hoover - United States lawyer who was director of the FBI for 48 years (1895-1972) Francis Scott Key, Key - United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812; the poem was later set to music and entitled `The Star-Spangled Banner' (1779-1843) Abraham Lincoln, Lincoln, President Abraham Lincoln, President Lincoln - 16th President of the United States; saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865) attorney-client relation, lawyer-client relation - the responsibility of a lawyer to act in the best interests of the client Criminal Attorneys need to be experienced trial lawyers giving their clients keen insight into all aspects of any criminal litigation and assisting them in making the right choices for a successful defense of the crimes they are accused of. Top care must go into the preparing of the defendant’s defenses in the pre-trial phase of any case with special emphasis on all discovery material handed over by the prosecutor and evaluations of any post arrest statements made by the accused and witnesses. If you've been accused or arrested, you cannot afford second-best representation. Choose from one of our certified criminal defense attorneys listed on this site for the best possible aggressive and highly-creative defense strategies to protect your rights. A lawyer or attorney at law is an individual licensed by the state to advise clients in legal matters and represent them in courts of law and other legal agencies. Most countries today require professional law advisors in their juridical systems. Lawyers have many names in different countries -- including "advocate," "attorney," "barrister," "counselor," "civil law notary", and "solicitor" -- and many of these names indicate specific classes or ranks of jurists. In criminal cases attorneys defend clients accused of a crime. Criminal Attorneys need to be experienced trial lawyers giving their clients keen insight into all aspects of any criminal litigation and assisting them in making the right choices for a successful defense of their felony case. Top care must go into the preparing of the defendant’s defenses in the pre-trial phase of any case with special emphasis on all discovery material handed over by the prosecutor and evaluations of any post arrest statements made by the accused and witnesses. If you've been accused or arrested, you cannot afford second-best representation. Choose from our list of certified criminal defense attorneys here. Increasingly, in the United States in particular, lawyers have taken over functions that used to be (and in some countries, still are) performed by other professionals, such as the civil law notary or even by non-professionals. The role of the lawyer can vary, in some countries, this person is often required to lead or manage criminal investigations. In the UK this task is the responsibility of the police forces. Colloquially, in the United States, lawyers are called attorneys. In fact, almost anyone can be an attorney; (see for example attorney-in-fact) strictly speaking, an attorney is similar to an agent, a person who has been formally empowered by someone else (a "principal") to act on behalf of the principal. Lawyers are "attorneys at law," authorised to plead cases on behalf of their clients. What constitutes the practice of law? A person who has a Juris Doctor (or LL.B.)but is not admitted to any bar is not a lawyer. However, federal courts often allow law students to act as "certified student attorneys" after the satisfactory completion of their first year of law school and the completion of particular second- and third-year courses such as Evidence. In systems that follow the English practice a person who has completed the course of study but is not yet admitted to the bar may practice under supervision in Articles of Clerkship usually called an Articling student. Otherwise, engaging in the kind of work customarily done by lawyers, without a valid, current license to do so, is the "unauthorized practice of law." In some jurisdictions, the definition of the practice of law is quite strict; persons have been successfully prosecuted for publishing do-it-yourself will forms and for representing special-education children in federal proceedings as specifically allowed by federal law.

Law[4] is a system of rules, usually enforced through a set of institutions.[5] It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a primary social mediator of relations between people. Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus ticket to trading on derivatives markets. Property law defines rights and obligations related to the transfer and title of personal (...